Book Review: 'Family and Public Life in Brescia, 1580-1650: The Foundations of Power in the Venetian State' (Joanne M. Ferraro; 1993).
From the former "Famiglia Bresciana di Nord America" (3/24/07):
I just began reading this book, and it should be very interesting, at least as these types of scholarly books go. I thumbed through 'Town and Country under Fascism: The Transformation of Brescia, 1915-192' (1986) a few times and found it to be very mundane overall. Not the subject matter, but just the way it was written. This should be much more illuminating, as it is about something that is truly "Brescian," good or bad. In addition, it's a good way to learn about "Venetian Bresica." The Brescians actually engineered the Venetians to take over from the Visconti family and the Milanese state.
From the cover:
This book focuses on the behavior of the ruling families of Brescia, a rich and strategically vital city under Venetian rule, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The first part of the book conceptualizes the civic leadership of Brescia, with a profile of its origins and a brief history of the process of aristocratization. Further, it examines the relationship between family structure and the local socio-political structures. Size, wealth, education, and marriage ties were all pivotal factors
which helped determine the family's position in public life. Its strength rested ultimately on its continuity over time. Women and women's property are given careful attention. The second part places the Brescian elite within the Venetian state. Besides controlling urban political institutions, the Brescians held strong economic links with the surrounding countryside, the basis of their power, and they enjoyed ample authority in the rural communities subject to the city. This section of the book examines the different ways in which these families sought to preserve their control over local resources. It also analyzes the Brescian civic leadership's weight in public life, in relation to that of Venetian authorities, illuminating some of the important ways in which the Venetian state was knit together.
From review at Amazon.com:
This book focuses on the behavior of the ruling families of Brescia, a rich and strategically vital city under Venetian rule, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. The first part of the book conceptualizes the civic leadership of Brescia, with a profile of its origins and a brief history of the process of aristocratization. Further, it examines the relationship between family structure and the local socio-political structures. Size, wealth, education, and marriage ties were all pivotal factors which helped determine the family’s position in public life. Its strength rested ultimately on its continuity over time. Women and women’s property are given careful attention. The second part places the Brescian elite within the Venetian state. Besides controlling urban political institutions, the Brescians held strong economic links with the surrounding countryside, the basis of their power, and they enjoyed ample authority in the rural communities subject to the city.
From review by "Renaissance Quarterly':
With the annexation of Brescia in 1426 and Bergamo in 1428, Venetian dominion over the terraferma stretched from the Friuli well into the heart of Lombardy. Venice's subjugation of the city of Brescia and the surrounding countryside (Bresciano) provided access to a rich supply of minerals, cereals, and mulberries, a new source of indirect taxes (dazi) on foodstuffs and manufactured items, and domination over strategically located roads that were crucial in any confrontation with nearby Milan.
Update:
Halfway through the book now, I can see that the book is very scholarly and extremely repetitious regarding the economics in the early part of the book. Many gems of information and insight are mixed in, but it's written in an overtly scholastic style in which facts are established only after long periods of facts and proof. In other words, in most books the author can state opinion (w/references) like "the evidence clearly shows ...x, y & z." Here you must endure pages and pages of facts and figures to show what can be stated in a sentence or two.
I'm about to enter the chapters regarding the customs and family structure of the ruling aristocracy, which should be of greater interest. Of course, this cannot be the only expression of Brescian culture, but only of this ruling oligarchy. Although allowed to rule the province without many restrictions from the government in Venice, taxation was heavy, and they only operated within the provincial territory. Once positive was the unity, as the elites did have much contact with the countryside. In fact, some were actually from the surrounding countryside.
At times, I try to read between the lines of this period, and see the human side for the average citizen. For example, an adventurous young man from the Camunian mountain community could join the Venetian navy. There is little doubt that some Brescians fought in the "Battle of Lepanto," one of the greatest battles in history. Some could have become Venetian merchants and worked for the expansion of Venetian concerns in more of a direct way. This is especially true when we consider that the Brescian oligarchy was a very closed system. For example, you might be excluded if one of your great-grandparents were born out of wedlock!
A hungry merchant or craftsman could have gone out on his own and worked out of the Venetian or Dalmatian coasts, or in one of the outposts in Greece. They could have partaken in adventures like Marco Polo did. Although Venetian territory wasn't very large, they wielded tremendous power and more-or-less controlled the eastern trade routes for centuries.
A number of years ago, vintage street cars from Milan were imported to San Francisco. They can be seen and used today on the F-Line, and bear the familiar arms of Milan on the sides. Red Cross on white background. The Milanese cars, along with others from around the world, were renovated and put into service from 1995 to 2000. The cars run westbound to the Castro and eastbound to Fisherman's Wharf. Cable cars are actually powerless. They're pulled from Hallidie Plaza to Fisherman's Wharf and back (and along California Street) by underground cables moving at 9.5 miles per hour. When the gripman (operator) needs to stop, he disengages the car's grip on the cable. The car stops, but the cable keeps moving. There are 11 of these Milanese cars, all built in 1928. Most are currently painted in the overall orange color scheme that they most recently carried in Milan, although one has been repainted into its original livery of yellow and white with black trim.
It's nice to know that there is something truly Lombardian in San Francisco. Well, there is the famous Lombard Street, named after the Lombard Street in London, where bankers from North Italian regions once had a foothold. There's a curious little item that I would like to share. Once I saw a listing in the business white pages for a business on Lombard Street named "Lombardia." There was no reference as to what type of business this was. Once, while I was in the area, I looked up the address just to take a look at what it was. It was at night, and I came upon what looked like an ordinary apartment building. On it was a gold colored plaque of some type, and engraved on it was the word "Lombardia." It's possible that this was merely the name of the building, but why was it listed in the business section of the phone book?
I once briefly met an old lady who was born in Lombardia, and lived in a house in what is now a very high crime area of San Francisco. She was over one hundred years old! I feel bad that there wasn't anything I could do for her. She passed away some years ago. I wish I could have organized an effort to move her to another area, perhaps in San Mateo or somewhere like that. She was a widow with no family. Very sad. Perhaps she had even outlived her children. We've failed if we can't address these types of community issues. There is a public service that has been around a long time called Italian-American Community Services that helps elderly people of Italian descent. That could be one area that we can look into in the future. Actually someone I knew was looking after her, so it wasn't all bad.
While on the subject of all things Lombardian in Northern California. It bears mention that the traditional "Swiss" of California are culturally Lombardian. While there have been few Lombardians in our local history, there have been many Italian Swiss or "Ticino Swiss." This is a subject to be explored in greater detail in another entry. Ticino is a very small Swiss Canton, and the only one south of the Alps. The inhabitants are of Northern Italian descent, but they ended up on the Swiss side of the border long ago. Ticino isn't really very far from Milan, although it's basically a mountainous area.
Italy is made up of regions (Piedmont, Tuscany, Sicily, etc.), which are made up of provinces (like Brescia), which are made up of many little "communes." I'll just back up for a moment here. Usually the provincial name is the same name as the chief city and capitol of the province, which also has it's own commune. So the province (Milan for example) has the same name as the capitol city and commune. Like "the city and country of San Francisco," or "the city, commune, and province of Milan."
One of the Brescia province's "communes" is Paisco Loveno, which is located in the northern mountains (Valle Camonica). It seems to be made up of three villages. One is "Paisco." The other two are side by side, so they are under the same little town administration. They are "Loveno" and "Grumello," or simply Loveno Grumello.
There are officially 257 inhabitants in Paisco Loveno. Perhaps about half of that in Loveno Grumello. This little tri-village is truly located in some deep woods in the mountains, similar to the Smokey Mountains maybe. If you look at it from a satelite image, it's like a "Black Forest" from an old movie. You can't even see the villages!
Loveno Grumello is more than a village, but has quite a history. Eighteen families live there that go back centuries. They are: Armeni, Baldoni, Calvetti, Calufetti, Degani, Filafusi, Fornoni, Franchini, Lucchi, Mansini, Mattia, Mitterpergher, Norini, Omassoli, Palazzi, Pedretti, Rondoni, and Stupendi.
Some of these names, like Calufetti, are only found in the Camunian Valley. Therefore, quite likely, every "Calufetti" (or Calufetti descendant) in the world is related to one another. "Rondoni" is a name which seems to be tracable right back to ancient Rome (Rondon?), branching out to the Perugia/Umbria area, and north to the Veneto, and finally, perhaps, to "Venetian Brescia" many centuries ago.
The name "Armeni" is interesting in that it literally means "Armenians" in Italian. It could be linked to either an Armenian family who lived in old Venice maybe, or to someone who merely (more likely) traded with the Armenians via the Venetian eastern trade routes. This type of name is somewhat common in Italy, where long ago governors or merchants were sometimes called by the name of the region they were linked with (Albanese, Greco, Francese, Germano, Turco, etc.) Also, this occurred via cities or regions within the Italian peninsula. For example, a Sicilian named "DiNapoli" (of Naples) or a Neapolitan named "Genovese" (a Genoan) or "Lucchesi" (person who is from Lucca). Once again, it's either originated from an ancestor who was a migrant, a trade merchant, or a governmental figure of some type.
Also interesting is the non-Italian sounding name "Mitterpergher." This, almost undoubtedly, is a name tracable right back to the invasion of the Lombards in the sixth century. Ninty-nine times out've a hundred, this type of foreign name is "Italianized" eventually. What is also very curious is that this German-sounding name is not found, with this very old spelling, in northern Europe that I know of. Perhaps it can be found in Germany with a shortened version, like "Miterperger." Needless to say, every name has a long history.
Immigrants from Brescia and the Camonica migrated all over the world. It's difficult to pinpoint exact numbers and percentages. The numbers were not especially large. Certainly Argentina is one of the main ones, and Australia. If we take the name "Calufetti" again, which is only native to the Camunian Valley, and if we were to search out anyone born a Calufetti in Buenos Aires, Montreal, Johannesburg, Melbourne, or Paris, they are literally "family" going back only a few generations.
It probably should be pointed out that Northern Italy has relatively few emigrants compared to Southern Italy and the German speaking lands. Even then, the vast majority were from big coastal cities like Genoa. Also, the vast majority migrated to the southern part of South America. This unusual emigration paradigm often makes it difficult to put many things into context, but it at least offers an explanation of why there are so few Lombardian descended people in America. I always say, if the Venetian Empire was located in Ireland or Sicily, we would have many movies, books, documentaries, etc., about it in English! Also, if the "Cinque Giornate Revolt" happened in Dublin, for example, we would have seen a major Hollywood motion picture about this very dramatic event! As they say, the squeaky wheel gets the oil. We can dig and sift through evidence of Lombardian communities around the world at a later time.
"Voce Camuna" online magazine featured an article about specifically these "eighteen familes," which is written in Italian. "Voce Camuna" means "Camunian Voice" and is probably a newspaper in the Valle Camonica. The very ancient history of the "Camunni tribe" is a whole subject in of itself. Don't be afraid to dig right into some of these regions, provinces, communes, and cities in the Italian wikipedia.
[Correction: "Voce Camuna" is a radio station, not a newspaper, although there are articles on the website.]
[Correction: The surname mentioned, "Germano," probably is from the first name of "Herman" in English. So that would be a surname of Herman. The Italian surname "Tedesco" means "German." "Tedeschi" means "Germans," and other combinations.]
[Note: The apparent North Italian surname "Parigi," which means "Paris," could possibly be based on an individual (perhaps from many centuries earlier) who was either a merchant or statesman who had key business or dealings with Paris or that general region.]
[8-14-09 ADDITION: It's interesting to note that one surname, very similar to Mitterpergher, and much more common in the north, is "Mittempergher." It's most likely of Langobard origin.]
Book Review: 'Family and Public Life in Brescia, 1580-1650: The Foundations of Power in the Venetian State' (Joanne M. Ferraro; 1993).
